Methodology Resources

This scale is composed of 19 items on Likert scales ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always) that assess the frequency of parental behaviors including involvement, inductive discipline, consistent discipline, and monitoring. Nine items assess involvement and inductive discipline, five items concern child monitoring, and four items assess consistent discipline. Responses to these subscales were summed to form the involved-vigilant indicator.

Involvement and Inductive Discipline:

1. When you and your child have a problem, how often can the two of you figure out how to deal with it?
2. How often does your child talk to you about things that bother him/her?
3. How often do you ask your child what he/she thinks before deciding on family matters that involve him/her?
4. How often do you give reasons to your child for your decisions?
5. How often do you ask your child what he/she thinks before making decisions that affect him/her?
6. When your child doesn’t know why you make certain rules, how often do you explain the reason?
7. How often do you discipline your child by reasoning, explaining, or talking to your child?
8. When your child has done something you like or approve of, how often do you let him/her know you are pleased about it?
9. How often do you give your child a reward like money or something else he/she would like when he/she gets good grades, does chores, or something like that?

Child Monitoring:

1. In the course of a day, how often do you know where your child is?
2. How often do you know who your child is with when he/she is away from home?
3. How often do you know when your child does something really well at school or someplace else away from home?
4. How often do you know when your child gets in trouble at school or someplace else away from home?
5. How often do you know when your child does not do the things you have asked him/her to do?

Consistent Discipline:

1. How often do you give up when you ask your child to do something and he/she doesn’t do it?
2. Once a discipline has been decided, how often can your child get out of it?
3. How often do you discipline your child for something at one time, and then at other times, not discipline him/her for the same thing?
4. When you discipline your child, how often does the kind of discipline you use depend on your mood?

Studies employing this measure

The scale includes 11 items that index discrepancy in the caregivers’ disciplinary practices (e.g., punishing children for particular misbehaviors at one time but not punishing them for the same misbehaviors at other times) and the caregivers’ use of severe disciplinary techniques (e.g., shouting and hitting).

From FACHS study:

1. How often would you be disciplined at home if your PC knew you broke a school rule?
2. When your PC asks you to do something and you don’t do it right away, how often does [HE/SHE] give up?
3. When your PC tells you to stop doing something and you don’t stop, how often does [HE/SHE] discipline you?
4. When you do something wrong and your [PC] decides on a type of discipline, how often can you get out of it?
5. How often does your [PC] discipline you for something at one time, and then at other times not discipline you for the same thing?
6. When your [PC] disciplines you, how often does the type of discipline you get depend on [HIS/HER] mood?
7. When you do something wrong, how often does your [PC] ground you?
8. When you do something wrong, how often does your [PC] lose [HIS/HER] temper and yell at you?
9. When you do something wrong, how often does your [PC] spank you?
10. When your [PC] disciplines you, how often does [HE/SHE] hit you with a belt, a paddle, or something else?
11. When you do something wrong, how often does your [PC] tell you to get out or lock you out of the house?

From SAAF prevention trial:

1. When your child does something wrong, how often do you blow up at him/her?
2. How often do you spank your child when he/she does something wrong?
3. When you discipline your child, how often do you hit him/her with a belt, a paddle or something else?
4. When your child does something wrong, how often do you tell him/her to get out or lock him/her out of the house?

Studies employing this measure

From FACHS study

1. In the last year how often… Has someone said something insulting to you just because of your race or ethnic background?
2. In the last year how often…Has a store-owner, sales clerk, or person working at a place of business treated you in a disrespectful way just because of your race or ethnic background?
3. In the last year how often…Have the police hassled you just because of your race or ethnic background?
4. In the last year how often…Has someone ignored you or excluded you from some activity just because of your race or ethnic background?
5. In the last year how often…Has someone suspected you of doing something wrong just because of your race or ethnic background?
6. In the last year how often…Has someone yelled a racial slur or racial insult at you just because of your race or ethnic background?
7. In the last year how often…Has someone threatened to harm you physically just because of your race or ethnic background?
8. In the last year how often…Have you encountered people who are surprised that you, given your race or ethnic background, did something really well?
9. In the last year how often…Have you been treated unfairly just because of your race or ethnic background?
10. In the last year how often…Have you encountered people who didn’t expect you to do well just because of your race or ethnic background?
11. In the last year how often…Has someone discouraged you from trying to achieve an important goal just because of your race or ethnic background?
12. In the last year how often…Have your close friends been treated unfairly just because of their race or ethnic background?
13. In the last year how often…Have members of your family been treated unfairly just because of their race or ethnic background?

From SHAPE study

1. How often have you been ignored, overlooked, or not given service because of your race?
2. How often have you been treated rudely or disrespectfully because of your race?
3. How often have you been blamed for something or treated suspiciously (as if you have done something or will do something
4. How often did others respond to you as if they were afraid because of your race?
5. How often have you been watched or followed while in public because of your race?
6. How often have you been treated as if you were “stupid” or been “talked to like you were slow” because of your race?
7. How often have your ideas or opinions been put down, ignored or belittled because of your race?
8. How often have you heard or been told an offensive racist joke or comment?
9. How often have you been called a name or harassed because of your race?

Studies employing this measure

FACHS study

SHAPE study

Drug Use Willingness

Informed by the prototype/willingness model of adolescent risk behavior (Gibbons & Gerrard, 1997; Gibbons et al., 2004), youths’ willingness to use drugs is measured with three items. Responses ranged from 1 (not at all) to 3 (very).

“Suppose you were with a group of friends and there were some drugs there that you could have if you wanted. How willing would you be to do the following things:

1. take some and use them;
2. use enough to get high;
3. take some with you to use later?”

Studies employing this measure

Prototypical images of drinkers

Informed by the prototype/willingness model of adolescent risk behavior (Gibbons & Gerrard, 1997; Gibbons et al., 2004), this measure assesses youths’ general thoughts about (i.e., prototypes) of individuals who drink. The measure includes 5 questions rated from 1 (not at all) to 4 (very).

“Take a moment to think about the type of person your age who frequently drinks alcohol. We are not talking about anyone in particular, just your image of people your age who frequently drink alcohol.”

1. how popular would you consider this person
2. how smart would you consider this person
3. how cool would you consider this person
4. how attractive (good looking) would you consider this person
5. how dull (boring) would you consider this person
6. how similar do you consider yourself to be to alcohol-drinking peers

Studies employing this measure:

Masculine Attributes Questionnaire

This scale consists of 18 items, with response options ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), which assess beliefs and attitudes about masculinity. This scale is composed of two 9-item subscales: reputation-based attributes and respect-based attributes.

Reputation-based

1. A real man can handle himself in a fight
2. A real man makes his enemies afraid of him
3. A real man has children by many different women
4. A real man carries a lot of cash in his pocket AND shows it off
5. A real man puts his male friends (bros) before his girlfriends
6. A real man has sex with a lot of different women
7. A real man shows off expensive jewelry
8. A real man has a reputation as a ladies man
9. A real man has a reputation as a tough guy

Respect-based

10. A real man has a good paying job
11. A real man works to get a good education
12. A real man gets married or has a committed relationship with one woman
13. A real man spends a lot of time with his children
14. A real man provides for his children
15. A real man works hard to get ahead
16. A real man is a religious person
17. A real man obeys the law
18. A real man has a good job

Studies employing this measure